MONEY OF ACCOUNT OF THE United States of America (Union of states)(states united)

The following Notice was served to inform DOUGLAS COUNTY of possible violation of law. Right to make payment compliant to the will of the People.

Regarding:
Notice of Sheriff’s Sale for April 30, 2008, Doc. 233  No. 2743.

1. It has been clearly communicated to Hansen by the, Linda Richter at, DOUGLAS COUNTY Attorney Office (located in suite 909) that the following is required to stop the above pending sale.

2. A accounting of payment required to stop the said sale as follows:
Attorney fees- ______________.
Service- ___________________.
Property tax- _______________.
Other – ____________________.
Other – ____________________.
Total – ____________________.

3. I Paul John Hansen do notice DOUGLAS COUNTY and all it’s agent associated with the demand for payment required to stop the said sale of the following:
Herein, and Hereinafter “Hansen” shall mean Paul John Hansen a man on Nebraska soil by right.

4. Hansen has not knowingly waived any right as associated with said sale and alleged property tax obligation payment, and its form/species, that has been demanded by DOUGLAS COUNTY by way of said Court Order, and communication between, Attorney, Linda Richter and Hansen.

5. Hansen accepts every officer of DOUGLAS COUNTY as to their Oath of Office and it being a legally binding contract between Hansen and given agents associated
with the collection/demand for the alleged property tax due as associated with said property.

6. Hansen herein notices that, it is believed by Hansen that, DOUGLAS COUNTY agents are and have violated Hansen’s right as to form/species of payment that can
be legally demanded for payment of any tax due and owing to DOUGLAS COUNTY by Hansen.

7. Hansen has been informed that “Federal Reserve Note” is the bases of the accounting used to calculate the said Court Order as to taxes due to stop said Sheriff
Sale.  Hansen herein gives notice that any payment demanded by a Nebraska government agent, as associated with the subject of this letter/notice shall be paid
only under protest.

8. Hansen gives notice that DOUGLAS COUNTY agents have therefore, demanded that Hansen cooperate/yield in this said agents violation of the law, by demanding
that Hansen make payment, based on accounting off the Negotiable debt instrument called the Federal Reserve Note, if Hansen wants to save his right to ownership
from said sheriff sale.

9. Hansen gives notice that any agent of the government that knowingly violates the law is therefore not protected by the law, loses immunity from being charged and prosecuted criminally and civilly in their personal, and/or official capacity. Hansen believes that such suits against said man in his personal capacity is bared from access from DOUGLAS COUNTY legal assistance, if in fact such actions were done outside the scope of there authority/law. Grand Jury Investigation.

10. Coinage Act of 1792
Act of 2 April 1792, 1 Statutes at Large 246
[246] CHAPTER XVI. – An Act establishing a Mint, and regulating the Coins of the United
States.
SECTION 1. Be it enacted by the Senate and House of Representatives of the United States of America in Congress assembled, and it is hereby enacted and declared, That a mint for the purpose of a national coinage be, and the same is established * * * . SEC. 20. And be it further enacted, That the money of account of the United States shall be expressed in dollars or units, dismes or tenths, cents or hundredths, and milles or thousandths, a disme being the tenth part of a dollar, a cent the hundredth part of a dollar, a mille the thousandth part of a dollar, and that all accounts in the public offices and all proceedings in the courts of the United States shall be kept and had in conformity to this regulation. APPROVED, April 2, 1792.  To do so is an breach of the constitution and can not be permitted.

11. Hansen herein gives notice to the Act of Congress above, recipients are to consult with their attorney(s) as to the legal obligation they have as an agent of the government corporation they represent.  All agents are to consult with their attorney(s) as to the revised standing laws that have the same body of law as the above.

12. It is the duty of all agents that have participated in the collection of the tax for the said case against Hansen to confirm that the accounting amount demanded upon Hansen is calculated and in form, and species, as to conform to the standing laws of Nebraska and the United States laws as such where at the time of the creation of the constitutions of the United States, and the UNITED STATES, and THE STATE OF NEBRASKA, regardless of being revised, but are now standing.  An original blue ink signed document as a duplicate of this document has been delivered to the following:
DOUGLAS COUNTY Attorney Office – ______________________________________________.
DOUGLAS COUNTY Clerk of the Court – ____________________________________________.
______________________
Paul John Hansen
c/o 1548 N 19
Omaha, Nebraska (by 68110)
402-671-0526

Nebraska_
County for Douglas_
Personally appeared before me the undersigned, an officer authorized to administer oaths, Paul John Hansen, who presented a valid identification with picture as
proof of his identification, and first being duly sworn, deposes and says that the forgoing 3 page instrument was subscribed and sworn before me the undersigned
Notary Public this 18 day of April 2008.
_____________________________
Notary
End of  page 3.

((I need to add that one must, ideally, get a court account administrator, that collects funds for judgments, in the witness stand and demand what dollar the law requires him to demand.  Then lay out all the dollars known to us and demand which one is demanded to satisfy the judgment.  Silver Dollar, Gold Dollar, Spanish Silver Dollar, Susan B Anthony Silver Dollar, the Federal Reserve Dollar, etc.  If she does not know how can you know what is demanded.  One man told me he did this in a traffic case, per instruction by his brother who was an attorney, and the judge dismissed the case.  He added the story so as to give the judge a way out.  He said officer said he was speeding to catch me and had no red lights flashing, judge I was speeding to get to my work, this officer was speeding to get to his work, we both must get a ticket or none.)

In 1792 everyone knew what a dollar was, why not so today, law is to be exacting?

Gold Certificates
Gold Certificates were first issued in 1863, perhaps to reassure people that the United States Government did not intend to replace all U.S. money with greenbacks.
The distinctive orange reverse marked them as different in kind. A “Certificate” signified that the notes were backed by 100% reserves of gold coins, for which they
could be redeemed on demand. This was the hardest of hard money short of gold coin itself, since for other currencies the Treasury would never maintain more
than a fractional gold reserve. The $10 large note of series 1922 showed Michael Hillegas on the obverse [& orange reverse]. Hillegas, the Treasurer of the United
States under the Articles of Confederation (1775-1789), was such an obscure historical figure, then as now, that he was identified in small print under his name
(“First Treasurer of the U.S.”).

In small notes, the orange reverse of Gold Certificates was abandoned. This might be seen as a portent of the future; for once the Depression started, and the
widespread failure of banks, as the Federal Reverse System refused to support their liquidity, led to a massive deflation, gold came under attack, as it had in the
previous century, as the culprit. The refrain that there “wasn’t enough money” was heard again, and Congress decided to give President Roosevelt the power to call
in all the gold coinage, “regulate the Value therefore,” and create more money. The Gold Reserve Act of 1933 thus required that all gold coins and gold certificates
be surrendered to the Treasury. This was at first said to be a temporary measure, as would have been consistent with age old practices of recoinage, but then it
became permanent. Americans were soon forbidden to hold gold (or gold certificates) as a store of wealth, though amusement (e.g. jewelry) was allowed. This
appalling, tyrannical, and unconstitutional (as discussed above) measure was allowed as “necessary” under the “necessary and proper” clause, though all it
accomplished was to turn Fort Knox into the tomb for a grotesquely Mediaeval or Pharaonic hoard of useless metal.

The Series 1934 gold certificates, consequently, were not a public issue. They were only intended to circulate among Federal Reserve Banks and therefore read,
“Payable to the Bearer on Demand as Authorized by Law” — and the restored orange back would never see the light of day. Like contemporaneous Silver
Certificates, the 1934 Gold Certificates also now specified payment “in gold” rather than “in gold coin,” so that the value of the dollar could be easily repegged.
Indeed, for some time Franklin Roosevelt would reset the price of gold at whim almost daily — though eventually the value settled at 35$ a troy ounce and
remained there from the 1930’s to the 1970’s.

It became legal to hold gold certificates on April 24, 1964. The obligation, of course, to “pay the bearer on demand” in “gold coin” would not be honored. By the
1970’s Americans could again freely own and trade gold, but this was probably allowed only because President Nixon ceased redeeming U.S. dollars held by foreign
governments for gold. The amount of U.S. Currency (Federal Reserve Notes at that point) had come to exceed what could be covered even by the reserves of Fort
Knox; and, after all, the federal government still wanted to maintain its hoard.

——————————————————————————–

National Bank Notes

$5
1929

$10
1929

$20
1929

$50
1929

$100
1929

National Bank Notes,
National Currency
National Bank Notes, or “National Currency,” were established by the National Banking Act of 1863. This was in part a device to raise money for the federal
government, since it required that National Banks that wished to issue banknotes deposit United States Securities with the Treasury as backing for the notes. This
effectively multiplied the money with which such securities were purchased, turning the money itself over to the Treasury, for its purposes, but then enabling the
banks to issue currency against it. The desire of the federal government to monopolize banknotes is evident in the tax that was subsequently levied on all
banknotes issued by State banks. This effectively eliminated them — and incidentally inaugurated the federal practice of pretending to (constitutionally) tax things
when its real purpose was to (unconstitutionally) forbid them. This dishonest device was later extended to opium, marijuana, etc.; so that today there is a general
impression that the federal government can forbid anything.

The other rationale for the National Banking Act was to “protect” the public from fraudulent and poorly managed banks, whose banknotes might become worthless.
The device of “National Currency” did make the notes obligations of the Treasury, which meant they were good even if the banks failed; but why the solvency of
the banks otherwise was thought to be a federal concern, when the States were perfectly capable of regulating their own banks, is a good question. Indeed, aside
from the evident self-interest of the federal government in raising money for the Treasury during the Civil War, the principal motivation seems to have been a
political debt that the Republican Party owed to its Whig and Federalist Party antecedents. Nevertheless, while the Federalists had always wanted, and for a time
had, a real Central Bank (the Bank of the United States), nothing of the sort was politically possible in 1863. The National Banking Act therefore simply chartered
individual National Banks, whose bona fides and solvency could be supervised by the Comptroller of the Currency.

Large size National Bank Notes had displayed wonderful design work and are still avidly collected, both because of that and because of their association with local
banks, many of which still exist. Designs were uniform for each “charter period,” i.e. for each 20 year period after which the Banking Act had to be renewed (a
provision now replaced by perpetuities). A $20 note [reverse] from the “third charter period” shows Hugh McCulloch, the first Comptroller of the Currency (1863-
1869), with real ink pen signatures of the President and Cashier of the First Marine Bank of Erie, Pennsylvania. Small size National Bank Notes, however, were a
miserable affair, indistinguishable in most design elements from other small currency. Even the characteristic traditional practice of displacing portraits and
vignettes so as to center the name of the bank on the face of the note was abandoned.

If the problem during the Great Depression had really been that there was “not enough money,” then it would be surprising that National Bank Notes were
suppressed in 1935 — the bonds that had been issued to secure banknotes were all discontinued. If, however, it is understood that the political answer to the Great
Depression was that only the federal government can be trusted with power over the economy, banking, and money, then the move is self-evident. That the
Depression dragged on for another four or five years has never been taken as evidence against this inference — as it has rarely been noticed for any other
purpose in American politics.

Since National Bank Notes were not directly backed by gold, the obligation, like that of United States Notes, stated that they were not for the “payment of duties on
imports or interest on the public debt.”

——————————————————————————–

Silver Certificates

$1
1928

1934
1935

1957

1953

$10
1933
1934

1953

Silver Certificates
Silver Certificates were created by Act of Congress on February 28, 1878. This was a response to “Free Silver” agitation. If the partisans of inflation could not get
paper currency, then retaining the monetary status of silver seemed like the next best choice. Putting the United States on the Gold Standard in 1873 (the “Crime
of 1873”) had set off the controversy. But while the United States was never formally off the Gold Standard, Congress did respond to Free Silver forces with various
laws for the Treasury to purchase and coin silver (as dollars, on the 1837 weight). This continued for many years after 1878, though fatal blows were dealt against
it in 1894 by Grover Cleveland, who was a hard money Democrat, and the defeat of William Jennings Bryan in 1896. While Bryan contended that ordinary people
were being crucified on a “Cross of Gold,” he ended up crucified on his own Cross of Silver.

Although cowboys (and later Las Vegas) may have liked silver dollars, heavy coins were never popular with most people. Silver Certificates therefore allowed the
Treasury to mint its silver dollars, let them sit, and just issue paper instead. Silver Certificates originally were in denominations up to $1000; but after 1896, notes
were kept to $10 and under. The Series 1896 $1, $2, and $5 Silver Certificates were the stunning and celebrated “Educational Series,” featuring various allegorical
designs, such as “History instructing youth” on the $1 [& reverse]. These rare and valuable notes have probably the most elaborate designs (subsequently never
repeated) of any United States currency.

Except for the rare 1928 $1 United States Note, all small $1 bills until 1963 were Silver Certificates. Starting in 1934, these simply said they were redeemable “in
silver” instead of “in silver dollars”; and, strangely enough, they could be redeemed in silver (small bars) at the United States Treasury all the way until 1968 — the
last hard money activity of the United States government.

The major change in design that took place in the history of Silver Certificates was that the reverse of the 1928 $l bill was replaced in the Series 1935 notes with
the familiar Great Seal of the United States design, though still without “In God We Trust,” which only appears starting with Series 1957.

——————————————————————————–

Federal Reserve Bank Notes

$5
1929

$10
1929

$20
1929

$50
1929

$100
1929

Federal Reserve Bank Notes,
National Currency
Identical to National Banks Notes in form and function but issued by Federal Reserve Banks, these notes were retired in 1945.

This variety of notes was originally, as large notes, much more distinctive, sharing elements with the traditional design of National Bank Notes but unified in design
with the new Federal Reserve Notes. Thus the Federal Reserve Bank Note $5 of Series 1914 simply displaced the portrait of Lincoln to the side from the
contemporaneous Federal Reserve Note $5 and replaced it in the center, as in National Bank Notes, with the name of the bank. The reverses are identical, except
that “National Currency, Federal Reserve Bank Note” replaces “Federal Reserve Note” and the obligations are different — Federal Reserve Notes were redeemable
in gold, while National Currency could not be used for duties on imports or payments on the public debt.

One of the most popular and valuable notes of all U.S. currency was the Series 1918 Federal Reserve Bank Note $2. The reverse of this note displays the picture of
a Battleship — hence the “Battleship $2.” For many years, it was not clear whether the ship was intended to be the battleship Texas, which survives on public
display at the San Jacinto Battlefield outside Houston, Texas, or its sister ship, the New York. Recently the Bureau of Printing and Engraving, however, announced
that the ship was supposed to be the New York. Why it was necessary to wait more than 70 years to do this, especially when the announcement would then look
like a political snub against Texas, is not clear. The companion Federal Reserve Bank Note $1 [reverse] is much more common.

The large Notes from the Federal Reserve Bank of New York will be seen to be signed by the Governor of that bank, Benjamin Strong, who powerfully influenced
the policy and actions of the entire Federal Reserve System, especially the Governors Committee on open market operations, which was responsible for the
purchase of securities (the principal means of expanding the money supply), until his death in 1928.

Evaluation of Strong and his role reveals the division in Free Market economists between the Monetarists and the Austrians. For Milton Friedman, Benjamin Strong’s
policy of maintaining price levels in the 1920’s, during which there was no deflation despite tremendous economic growth, and his willingness to maintain the
liquidity of banks during Panics — both tasks accomplished through the open market purchase of securities by the Federal Reserve — was precisely the job, and a
good one, that the System had been created to do. Thus, Friedman quotes Clarence A. Woolley, one of the directors of the New York Federal Reserve Bank in
1932, as remembering, “Governor Strong had said further that if this power were used in a big way, it would stop any panic which might confront us” [Friedman &
Schwartz, A Monetary History of the United States, 1867-1960, Princeton, 1963, p. 412]. But by the time the banking crisis started in the Depression, the leadership
of the Federal Reserve System had forgotten the purpose that Strong understood so well. They let the banks fail, to catastrophic consequences. Evidently Mr.
Woolley did not have the power or influence to get done what he knew Governor Strong would have done.

On the other hand, Austrian School economists like Murray Rothbard have seen Benjamin Strong as a villain for expanding the money supply beyond its hard
money base. Without that expansion, there could have been no credit collapse, no banking crisis, and the Depression would not have begun. This kind of criticism,
however, is based on the ideas that (1) any kind of fractional reserve banking is fraudulent in the first place and (2) that inflation is not an overall rise in prices but
any expansion of the money supply beyond a commodity base (specifically gold). These are both strange ideas. Fractional reserve banking cannot be “fraudulent”
when there is nothing secret about it and when it is clear that people would have to pay for banks to hold their savings with 100% reserves, while banks will pay
them for savings that can be (prudently) loaned to others. Similarly, redefining “inflation” not to refer to price levels ignores the importance of prices, especially the
economic and political damage that deflation can cause — as was caused by the 1865-1896 deflation and was avoided by the maintenance of prices in the 1920’s.
As Friedman would agree, expanding the money supply too much does cause inflation, and this has been the evident policy of the Federal Reserve System for
decades now, constituting a continuing regime of theft by the Federal Government; but the maintenance of price levels by monetary expansion is not inflation and it
actually prevents the theft which results from the deflation of debts, which bankrupted many people and businesses in the 19th Century and at the beginning of the
Depression. Thus, although Rothbard has a perfectly valid criticism of the irresponsibility of the Federal Reserve in maintaining a regime of constant inflation, what
he would prefer instead is really a kind of utopianism that ignores both the good faith, contractual validity of fractional reserve banking and the real economic
damage done by deflation.

Perhaps the most noteworthy thing about the small Federal Reserve Bank Notes is that there is absolutely nothing to distinguish them in any of the ways that the
large notes were distinctive. Even the names of the banks seem printed in a perfunctory way; and the pre-printed “President,” to show where the name of the
president of the bank is to be printed, is simply blacked out with an overprinted bar, since Federal Reserve Banks had “governors,” not “presidents”! Such a
hideous device testifies to a sudden lack of interest in the aesthetics of the currency, or at least this particular currency.

——————————————————————————–

Federal Reserve Notes, until 1981

$1
1963
1969
1974

1977
1981

$2
1976

$5
1928
1934
1950
1963
1969
1974

1977
1981

$10
1928
1934
1950
1963
1969
1974

1977
1981

$20
1928
1934
1950
1963
1969
1974

1977
1981

$50
1928
1934
1950
1963
1969
1974

1977
1981

$100
1928
1934
1950
1963
1969
1974

1977
1981

$500
1928
1934

$1000
1928
1934

$5000
1928
1934

$10,000
1928
1934

Federal Reserve Notes
A new kind of currency was created by the Federal Reserve Act of December 23, 1913. This was in part a response to continuing political agitation for the creation
of a Central Bank for the United States, but the more immediate prod came from the Banking Panic of 1907. The Aldrich-Vreeland Act of 1908 had expanded the
securities that banks could use to secure their currency, but this was regarded as unsatisfactory for the long run. There did not seem to be good provision in the
banking system to support the liquidity of banks during panics and runs. The banks themselves had survived the Panic by suspending cash payments and relying on
checks and “clearing house certificates” in lieu of cash. This had actually worked well enough, but the argument was made that it had been irregular and illegal and
that something needed to be done about it.

So the United States got the Federal Reserve System. Since a Central Bank was still anathema, under the fading but still happy and adequate influence of Thomas
Jefferson and Andrew Jackson, the Federal Reserve System was designed to be a decentralized organization of no less than twelve Federal Reserve Banks:  Boston
(1-A), New York (2-B), Philadelphia (3-C), Cleveland (4-D), Richmond (5-E), Atlanta (6-F), Chicago (7-G), St. Louis (8-H), Minneapolis (9-I), Kansas City (10-J),
Dallas (11-K), and San Francisco (12-L). The names of the banks and their characteristic number or letter have always appeared on Federal Reserve Notes and
Federal Reserve Bank Notes issued by them. This assignment clearly reflects the distribution of population and economic development in 1914. It has not been
modified since.

The first Federal Reserve Notes, like the $5, $10, and $20, were handsome and dignified, initiating design features that would become permanent in small notes.
The allegorical reverses, never repeated, are reminiscent of the “Educational” Silver Certificates. The reverse of the $5 shows the landings of Columbus and the
Pilgrims, the reverse of the $10 images of agriculture (no tractor yet) and industry, and the reverse of the $20 transportation, by land (i.e. railroad, with the auto
and airplane as minor details) and sea (with the Statue of Liberty in the background). The reverse of the $50 was an allegorical figure of Panama, flanked by a liner
and a battleship in each ocean. The $500, $5000, and $10,000 notes repeated historical paintings, by John Trumbull and others (which hang in the Rotunda of the
United States Capitol), that had already appeared on first charter period National Bank Notes. The only such painting to subsequently reappear on Federal Reserve
Notes was the Signing of the Declaration of Independence (by Trumbull), originally on the first charter period (series 1863 & 1875) $100 notes, on the Bicentennial
$2 bill.

The significance of the multiple Federal Reserve Banks and the decentralized system, however, has declined. The system was made a lot more centralized in the
1930’s, as part of the aforementioned conclusion that only the federal government can be trusted with power over the economy, banking, and money. The
Depression at the time was seen as resulting from the misbehavior of “speculators” and loose practices by the financial and stock markets. However, it is now much
clearer that one of the prime villains at the beginning of the Great Depression was the Federal Reserve System itself, whose mistakes had nothing to do with lack of
power or centralization. Indeed, the System could have responded better if it had been even less, not more, centralized than it was. Nevertheless, centralization
continues, and the new, redesigned Federal Reserve Notes no longer bear the seal of their bank of issue, though the bank is still indicated, without name, by the
letter and number code. Compare the Series 1996 $50 Federal Reserve Note with the previous Series 1993 $50 Federal Reserve Note [reverse].

The original notion behind Federal Reserve Notes was to replace the “clearing house certificates” upon which banks had relied instead of cash during banking
panics. Since Federal Reserve Notes were redeemable in gold (though perhaps only at the United States Treasury), they would have been just the kind of
reassuring currency to supply to banks during a run. Since there was only a fractional reserve behind the Notes, however, the temptation would always be there to
overextend them for political purposes. Although the Treasury had been unable to print money since 1878, it was now given an indirect ability to do so, whenever it
could persuade the Federal Reserve to create money by buying United States securities itself, either directly from the Treasury or indirectly off the open market.

Nevertheless, things seemed to work well enough during the 1920’s. The beginning of the System had coincided with a sharp inflation, so perhaps too much money
had been abruptly pumped into the economy. But then during the Twenties, despite swift economic growth and confusing factors like large foreign lending and
investment, remarkable price stability was maintained. As long as the Federal Reserve System saw this as its goal, then it could well have aspired to a reputation
like the Bank of England, whose notes were thought to be “as good as gold.”

The problem is what happened during the Depression. Banking panics were nothing new — that is what the Fed was created for. But when banking panics started
(as unemployment abruptly jumped from 6% to 15% at the end of 1930), the Federal Reserve suddenly didn’t trust banks enough to back them up. If the banks
were insolvent, evidently, they must be allowed to fail. Unfortunately, so many banks were seen as insolvent and allowed to fail that it took the whole United States
economy down with it. But the Federal Reserve could be proud of being financially solid itself! This served no purpose, however, beyond bureaucratic ass-covering.

This turns out to be a classic example of bureaucrats who do not have to pay the cost that results from their actions. The banks may fail, the economy may
collapse, but they still have their jobs! Indeed, if the Depression could be blamed on “speculators,” the bureaucrats could actually see their status, pay, and power
increase! In 1907, it is obvious that the banks could work out their own salvation because they actually did not want to fail. Failed banks mean bankers out of a job.
Perhaps even bankers committing suicide. But among all the Depression stories about window leaps on Wall Street, there don’t seem to be any about leaps from
the nearby Federal Reserve Bank of New York.

Thus the Federal Reserve System has become the last thing that was supposed to be possible in America: A Central Bank. And a political football. The inflation of
the 1970’s never was blamed on the Federal Reserve expanding the money supply too quickly, even though the popular economic theory of the time, Neo-
Keynesianism, held that inflation could cause prosperity. The System might have wanted to claim credit. But the strategy didn’t work out very well, as
unemployment increased with inflation. It has been more obvious recently that the lower inflation of the 1980’s and 90’s has been the result of restraint in money
creation. On the other hand, President Clinton was appointing Keynesians to the Federal Reserve Board, and there are still complaints about “tight money.” So the
potential still exists for follies equivalent to the 1930’s or 70’s.

Until the new anti-counterfeiting designs that have now come in (the Series 1996 $100 Federal Reserve Note, obverse and reverse, the Series 1996 $50 Federal
Reserve Note, obverse and reverse, the Series 1996 $20 Federal Reserve Note, obverse and reverse, the Series 1999 $10 Federal Reserve Note, obverse and
reverse, and the Series 1999 $5 Federal Reserve Note, obverse and reverse), the only major change in design of Federal Reserve Notes was on the “Bicentennial”
$2 bill, introduced in 1976 and featuring a different reverse, showing the signing of the Declaration of Independence, from the traditional picture of Jefferson’s
home, Monticello. This new reverse still appears on the current, series 1995, notes. The introduction of the Bicentennial $2 bill was intended, with the Susan B.
Anthony $1 coin, to accompany the phasing out of the $1 note. However, the $1 coins were not popular, and the public also seemed to maintain mixed feelings
about the $2 bill. The $1 thus continues in its traditional role. With new designs introduced now down to the $5 note, and with no plans to introduce new designs for
the $2 or $1, another attempt may be made to phase out the $1 bill. A new brass $1 coin is now being introduced (misleadingly called the “golden coin” by the
Treasury), with a handsome portrayal of Sacagawea, the Indian interpreter of Lewis and Clark. Unlikely to be confused with the quarter (as the Susan B. Anthony
was), this design cleverly combines the politically correct themes of (1) a woman, (2) a Native American, and (3) an uncontroversial figure from American History.
Despite these political considerations, the result is a handsome design. Whether this will be used as a pretext to launch another effort to replace the $1 bill has not
yet become clear.

Late in 2002, it looked like the Sacagawea dollar is not catching on. Actually, I rather like them. But the only place I’ve been getting them is from the stamp
machine at the post office (when it gives change at all, rather than eating all the money). Now I have begun to get Susan B. Anthony dollars from the machines as
well. I don’t like them; and if the Treasury really wants Sacagawea to make it, the way to do it is not to start slipping Susan B. Anthonys out with them. This makes
it look like they still just want to unload all the old stuff that nobody wanted.

In 2007, the Sacagawea dollars are still being minted, are invisible to any circulation that passes through my hands, are still being mixed with Susan B. Anthonys at
the post office, and receive no public promotion that might go with retiring paper dollars. At the same time, a new commemorative series of dollar coins featuring
United States Presidents has been introduced. Although these are the same size, weight, and color as the Sacagawea dollars, so far it doesn’t look like they are
intended for circulation. But they should be, if the Treasury really wants to create public support for a dollar coin.

——————————————————————————–

Bibliography
Paper Money of the United States, Robert Friedberg, The Coin and Currency Institute, Inc [102 Linwood Plaza, Fort Lee, NJ 07024], 10th Edition, 1978

Standard Handbook of Modern United States Paper Money, Chuck O’Donnell, Krause Publications [700 E. State St., Iola, WI 54990], 7th Edition, 1982

Monetary Policy in the United States, by Richard H. Timberlake, The University of Chicago Press, 1993

Money Mischief, Episodes in Monetary History, Milton Friedman, Harcourt Brace Jovanovich, 1992

A Monetary History of the United States, 1867-1960, Milton Friedman & Anna Jacobson Schwartz, Princeton University Press, 1963, 1990